過去講到專利大家可能先想到就是發明申請專利，事實上這僅是專利作業流程的一環，若我們能夠觀察專利從生到死的所有活動，並給予各階段活動不同的任務規劃，則能夠管理專利更完善與全面，甚至提升專利的整體價值。其中各階段任務管理，包括專利從調研、提案、申請、審查、答辯、核准、獲證、維護、組合到貨幣化，可統稱為「專利生命週期管理」。透過掌握生命週期的各階段狀態，可以擬定不同的商業模式和產品策略，例如在開發技術產品的同時，我們可以思考專利申請與佈局策略，甚至藉由情報蒐集研擬專利獲證後的商業化和或貨幣化策略。
圖一 專利生命週期
從技術揭露到專利佈局：掌握產品技術的核心與關鍵
首先，如何將發明技術有效轉化成專利，並結合產品市場資訊進行專利申請前的佈局，會影響到專利未來的價值。因此，發明人和專利工程師（可能是事務所或企業的工程師）之間的溝通管道必須流暢，促使技術揭露內容完整；並基於技術揭露內容，以系統化與、科學化與大量專利數據來進行前案檢索或專利地圖製作，亦可結合諸多專業高效有用的工具、方法和策略等，確保分析之產出具有全面性和準確性。藉由分析結果快速地掌握自身與競爭者產品技術的核心與關鍵，以利於整合產品市場資訊進行專利申請前的智慧財產佈局規劃（包含營業秘密保護）。
可能思考下列問題：
1. 發明及其相關產品或技術最適合哪種類型的智慧財產保護—如專利或營業秘密？
2. 在眾多可用的技術領域中，哪一個技術領域或應用領域受到了該發明的影響？
3. 依照未來產品市場狀況，應該在哪個國家尋求智慧財產保護？
4. 此發明如何融入現有的專利組合，或者此發明是否會改變公司智慧財產戰略？
從專利申請到維護評估：專利審查過程持續監控與調整
當完成前一階段的專利佈局與相關準備後，將開始依據規劃進行專利申請，此時大部分的工作會轉移到事務所身上，因此選擇專業的事務所及其團隊會相當重要，而且該團隊也需要非常了解專利技術背景、熟悉各國法規對程序流程的要求與時程、理解專利生命週期架構，而不是僅單純協助申請專利。另一方面，應該於審查過程中持續考慮後續的專利組合規劃，或觀察技術走向、產品市場變化等，來持續強化專利佈局。此外，當專利取得證書後，維護過程中也可以開始思考未來可能貨幣化的機會（例如專利買賣、專利授權、專利質押等）。
可能思考下列問題：
1. 那些專利事務所或專家顧問可以確切掌握自身的產品技術？
2. 如何建構專利家族與專利壁壘：例如領證前可透過分案進行不同的權利範圍規劃，或是希望讓母案持續存活以利後續專利組合規劃
3. 那些專利有維護的必要性？（產品週期、技術發展、費用考量？）
從組合管理到貨幣化：專利組合的評估與強化
當我們專利數量提升到一定程度，專利權人可以重新審視自身的專利組合情況，包含專利技術的覆蓋程度、專利佈局的區域市場等，意即將自己的專利資產進行分類與分級（有可能一間公司的專利組合有多個），方能有效掌握自身的專利資產層次和確認自身專利資產價值。來到貨幣化評估時，則需確定專利授權或買賣計畫（包括是否有權利要求表和使用證據等），以及預計授權或買賣價格，並基於市場資料研究接近潛在目標及接觸，最後與目標並進行談判。訴訟則可能是最後手段，訴訟目的與商業策略等關係較為複雜，而訴訟成本也是需要考量因素之一，這部份則建議進行審慎評估與規劃後決策。
圖二 專利資產與專利組合
可能思考下列問題：
1. 專利組合是否完整？重新評估專利組合，打包具有貨幣化潛力的專利組合
2. 是否已經掌握適用於該專利組合的市場？
3. 是否已經有潛在貨幣化目標？
4. 要採用何種貨幣化方式？（質押、交易、授權、訴訟？）
為了讓專利能夠最有效益的運用，專利生命週期管理協助專利權人對每個階段任務都具體明確，並透過階段性任務的達成，打下高品質與高價值專利的基礎，建構優質專利組合，以及最大化其投資報酬率。另外也需注意，不同產業的產品技術週期也不同，例如資通電產業和醫藥醫材產業的產品發展循環是大不相同，因此專利生命週期也需搭配的不同產業進行活用來修正專利佈局、商業模式和產品策略。
🔎如欲了解更多訊息，或與作者聯繫，請填寫以下表單，世博將儘速回覆。
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