According to reports, the four-year ConVex1 C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) trial—which the German government invested in—successfully ended last month. Swarco—a leading provider of traffic solutions that participated in the trial—concluded that C-V2X would be added to traffic infrastructure product portfolios based on the trial results. Additionally, last month, Qualcomm, the world’s communications leader, and San Diego Regional Proving Ground (SDRPG) announced the launch of C-V2X direct communication program2 in California, which uses 5.9GHz LTE direct communication technology to provide vehicle communication tests and case studies on real roads.
C-V2X is a connected-vehicle technology that combines wide-area cellular networks and direct communication. Specifically, the C-V2X defined by 3GPP currently mainly includes LTE-V2X and 5G NR-V2X. The LTE-V2X communication protocol is completed in the communication standards R14 (2017) and R15 (2019); the NR-V2X communication protocol designed for self-driving cars was unveiled in the second edition of the 5G standard R16 last month, laying the foundations for the future of C-V2X; moreover, the communication standard R17, which is expected to be completed before Q4 2021, will specifically strengthen NR-V2X to meet the technical requirements of getting connected-vehicles on the road by C-V2X.
The rise of C-V2X can promote the rapid development of connected-vehicle technology and bring many benefits, such as: improving traffic safety, increasing road utilization rate, saving energy and carbon reduction, and road condition monitoring. Especially for self-driving cars— which have been a hot topic over the years—connected-vehicle technology can enhance perception ability. In terms of the classification of self-driving technology, starting from Level 4, vehicles should be able to monitor the driving environment, and connected-vehicle technology can enable vehicles to receive various types of environmental information, such as traffic signs, road conditions, and the position of pedestrians. For Level 4 semi-autonomous driving, or even Level 5 fully autonomous driving, the integration of connected-vehicle technology is essential.
However, 5G’s C-V2X is not the only connected-vehicle technology. There is also the DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) from IEEE that has been developed since 2012. However, with the establishment of the 5G R14 standard, some research reports between 2017 and 2018 compared C-V2X to DSRC and found that C-V2X is superior to DSRC in terms of performance, distance, and reliability.
According to GMI’s research3 in 2018, the C-V2X market is expected to grow by 10% annually between 2019 and 2025; moreover, the GSA’s report4 in 2019 shows that there are already 25 telecommunication operators participating in C-V2X related tests worldwide.
Therefore, the author believes that C-V2X will divide the original connected-vehicle market and promote the evolution of self-driving car systems. Besides, from the perspective of patent data, C-V2X (or its equivalent phrases) has only appeared in European and American patent databases since 2017 (as shown in Chart 1) Thus, there is plenty of room for patent portfolios. The protocols of NR-V2X will be strongly enhanced in 5G standard R17—the high technology compatibility between C-V2X and self-driving cars. Based on these facts, the author believes that C-V2X patent portfolio deployment is bound to be a major focus of the transportation, automotive, and communications fields in the future.
1 ConVeX connected vehicle: https://www.itsinternational.com/its7/news/case-proven-c-v2x-says-german-trial
2 Qualcomm and San Diego Regional Proving Ground: https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2020/07/21/san-diego-regional-proving-ground-joins-efforts-qualcomm-launch-c-v2x
3 C-V2X market: https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/cellular-vehicle-to-everything-c-v2x-market
4 C-V2X statistics by GSA: https://gsacom.com/paper/cellular-v2x-ecosystem-key-statistics/
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Post-Cycle Therapy: Everything You Must Know About PCT
Post-Cycle Therapy: Everything You Must Know About PCT
Introduction
Post-cycle therapy (PCT) is a strategy used in bodybuilding and
performance enhancement…
What is Post-Cycle Therapy?
PCT involves the use of medications or supplements after a steroid cycle to help recover…
Types of PCT
The most common types include:
Benefits
Helps maintain muscle mass
Reduces inflammation
Promotes recovery
When to Use Post-Cycle Therapy?
PCT is commonly used after:
Risks and Side Effects
While effective, PCT can have side effects such as:
Conclusion
Post-cycle therapy is a vital part of any performance-enhancement routine…
### Sign up and save
Looking to optimize your fitness journey? Post
Cycle Therapy (PCT) might just be what you need.
Whether you’re an athlete, bodybuilder, or fitness enthusiast, PCT is a crucial component of any performance-enhancement plan. But what exactly is
it, and how does it work? Let’s dive in.
—
### What Is Post Cycle Therapy?
Post Cycle Therapy (PCT) is a period of time spent recovering
after a cycle of intense training or medication use.
It’s designed to help your body maintain or even enhance its
performance levels by focusing on recovery, healing, and rebuilding.
PCT ensures that you don’t experience the typical declines in performance or muscle mass often associated with cycling.
—
### When To Start Post Cycle Therapy
The timing of PCT is critical. For natural athletes, it’s
recommended to start PCT right after completing a cycle of training or supplement use, such as after finishing a steroid or hormone therapy.
This allows your body the necessary time to recover and reset before moving on to the next phase.
—
### How Long Should Post Cycle Therapy Last
The duration of PCT can vary based on individual needs and goals.
For some, 4-6 weeks may be sufficient, while others
may require up to 12 weeks or more. Consistency
is key to ensuring optimal recovery.
—
### The Different Post Cycle Therapy Protocols
There are several protocols used in PCT, each tailored to specific fitness goals.
**Clomid PCT** and **Nolvadex PCT** are among the most popular, with Clomid often used by those
looking to restore hormone balance and Nolvadex helping to reduce
estrogen levels.
– **Clomid PCT**: Often lasts 4-6 weeks and includes supplements like
Arimidex to lower estrogen.
– **Nolvadex PCT**: Typically lasts 4-8 weeks, focusing on hormone modulation.
– **Rebirth PCT**: A newer protocol that combines natural ingredients to aid recovery and
rejuvenation.
—
### The Best PCT Cycle To Keep Gains
A well-structured PCT cycle should include activities like resistance training, cardio, and flexibility exercises.
Pair this with a clean diet rich in protein and essential nutrients, and you’re setting yourself
up for sustained progress.
—
### Post Cycle Therapy Supplements
Supplements play a vital role in PCT. From recovery-enhancing
supplements to hormone-supporting agents, the right products can make all the difference.
Make sure your PCT regimen includes high-quality
items tailored to your needs.
—
### Rebirth PCT
**Rebirth PCT** is gaining popularity for its natural approach
to recovery and performance. It combines proven ingredients with a focus on overall well-being, making it an excellent choice
for those who want to avoid harsh medications.
—
### What To Expect During Post Cycle Therapy
During PCT, you can expect both physical and psychological changes.
Physically, you’ll notice improved recovery times, reduced muscle soreness, and enhanced strength.
Psychologically, you may feel more focused and motivated as your body heals and rebuilds.
—
### Things You Should Do During Post Cycle Therapy
– **Focus On Nutrition**: A diet rich in lean proteins,
healthy fats, and complex carbs will support your recovery.
– **Keep Training Consistently**: Maintain a regular training regimen to
preserve muscle mass and strength.
– **Prioritize Rest And Recovery**: Adequate sleep and relaxation are essential for healing.
– **Minimize Stress**: Stress can hinder recovery, so practice mindfulness or relaxation techniques.
—
### Frequently Asked Questions About PCT
**Should I do bloodwork during PCT?**
Bloodwork is often recommended to monitor hormone levels and ensure your body is
on the right track.
**What additional supplements should I take during PCT?**
Consider products like BCAAs, whey protein, and recovery-enhancing formulas.
**Is post cycle therapy necessary?**
Yes, especially after intense cycles or when using performance-enhancing substances.
**How can I tell if my PCT has been successful?**
Look for improved recovery times, reduced soreness, and
a sense of overall well-being.
**What happens if I don’t do post cycle therapy?**
Skipping PCT can lead to muscle loss, fatigue, and decreased performance.
**Do you need PCT after a test cycle?**
It’s highly recommended to ensure you maintain your
gains and avoid hitting a plateau.
—
### Conclusion
Post Cycle Therapy is a vital part of any serious fitness or performance plan. By understanding when, how long, and how
to perform it, you can maximize your results and stay on top of your goals.
Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new regimen to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Now, let’s hear your thoughts on PCT in the comments section below!
—
### Leave a comment
**Your Thoughts:**
Have you ever used Post Cycle Therapy? What protocol did you follow, and how successful was your
experience? Share your insights with us in the comments section!
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